§155.
直説法における格言的なアオリストおよび現在完了
英語原文
These tenses give a more vivid statement of general truths, by empploying a distinct case or several distinct cases in the past to represent (as it were) all possible caseds, and implying that what has occured is likely to occur again under similar curcumstances. E.g.
Κάτθαν᾿ ὁμῶς ὅ τ᾿ ἀεργὸς ἀνὴρ ὅ τε πολλὰ ἐοργώς, the idle man and he who has laboured much alike must die. Il. ix. 320 Ὅστε καὶ ἄλκιμον ἄνδρα φογεὶ καὶ ἀγείλετο νίκην, who terrifies even a valiant man and snatches his victory away. Il. xvii. 177 (see 157, below). Βία καὶ μεγάλαυχον ἔσφαλεν ἐν χρόνῳ. Pind. Py. viii. 15. Σοφοὶ δὲ μέλλοντα τριταῖον ῎νεμον ἔμαθον, οὐδ᾿ ὑπὸ κέρδει βλάβεν. Id. Nem. vii. 17. Καὶ δὴ φίλον τις ἔκταν᾿ ἀγνοίας ὕπο, and now one may kill a friend through ignorance. Aesch. Supp. 499. Ἀλλὰ τὰ τοιαῦτα εἰς μὲν ἅπαξ καὶ βραχὺν χρόνον ἀντέχει, καὶ σφόδρα γε ἤνθησεν ἐπὶ ταὶς ἐλπίσιν, ἂν τύχῃ, τῷ χρόνῳ δὲ φωρᾶται καὶ περὶ αὑτὰ καταρρεῖ. Dem. ii. 10 (see 157 and 171). Ἢν ἄρα σφαλῶσιν, ἀντελπίσαντες ἄλλα ἐπλήρωσαν τὴν χρείαν, they supply upon every one who transgresses. Xen. Cyr. i. 2, 2. Δεινῶν τ᾿ ἄημα πνευμάτων ἐκοίμισε στένοντα πόντον. Soph. Aj. 674. Μί᾿ ἡμέρα τὸν μὲν καθεῖλεν ὑψόθεν, τὸν δ᾿ ἦρ᾿ ἄνω. Eur. Fr. 424. Ὅταν ὁ Ἔρως ἐγκρατέστερος γένηται, διαφθείρει τε πολλὰ καὶ ἠδίκησεν. Plat. Symp. 188 A. Ὅταν τις ὥσπερ οὗτος ἰσχύσῃ, ἡ πρώτη πρόφασις καὶ μικρὸν πταῖσμα ἅπαντα ἀνεχαίτισε καὶ διέλυσεν. Dem. ii. 9.
Ἐπειδάν τις παρ᾿ ἐμοῦ μάθῃ, ἐὰν μὲν βούληται, ἀποδέδωκεν ὃ ἐγὼ πράττομαι ἀργύριον· ἐὰν δὲ μὴ, ἐλθὼν εἰς ἱερὸν ὀμόσας, ὅσου ἂν φῂ ἄξια εἶναι τὰ μαθήματα, τοσοῦτον κατέθηκεν. Plat. Prot. 328 B. (Here the perfect and aorist, according to the Mss., are used in nearly the same sense, he pays. But Sauppe reads ἀπέδωκεν for ἀποδέδωκεν.) Πολλοὶ διὰ δόξαν καὶ πολιτικὴν δύναμιν μεγάλα κακὰ πεπόνθασιν, i.e. many always have suffered, and many do suffer. Xen. Mem. iv. 2, 35. Τὸ δὲ μὴ ἐμποδὼν ἀνανταγωνίστῳ εὐνοίᾳ τετίμηται. Thuc. ii. 45.
The gnomic perfect is not found in Homer.
日本語解釈