Appendix I. (10/30)
英語原文
The name optative mood (ἔγκλισις εὐκτική), which was invented by grammarians long after the usage of the language were settled, designated the mood by the only use which it then had in independent sentenses without ἄν, that of wishing. It is evident that this name in itself is no ground for assuming that wishing was the primitive function, or even an essential function, of the optative, any more than the name of the subjunctive (ἔγκλισις ὑποτακτική) would lead us to assume dependence as an original or necessary or chatacteristic of that mood. We have already mentioned the theory that the optative is the mood of wish, as the complement of that which makes the subjunctive the mood of will. This theory finds no support in the potential use of the optative with or without κέ or ἄν, which is the only dependent use of the optative except in wishes an exhortations. Surely ἀπόλοιτο ἄν, he would perish, can never have been developed from ἀπόλοιτο ἄν, he would perish, can never have been developed from ἀπόλοιτο, may he perish, for the former is no more likely to be said by one who wishes the death of a person than by one who fears it, and there is nothing in the addition of ἄν or κέ which ca reasonably be supposed to change a form, which in itself express wish, to a neutral form or even to one expressing what is feared. The fundamental distinction in negative sentences between μὴ ἀπόλοιτο and οὐκ ἂν ἀπόλοιτο (or οὐκ ἀπόλοιτο) is still more significant. Nor can any support for the theory be found in dependent final constructions or in indirect discourse. No one would see a distinction of will and wish in ἴδῃ and ἴδοι in ἔρχεται ἵνα ἴδῃ τοῦτο and ἦλθεν ἵνα ἴδοι τοῦτο, or in φοβοῦμαι μὴ ἔλθῃ and ἐφοβήθην μὴ ἔλθοι, —not to speak of ἦλθεν ἵνα ἴδοι τοῦτο and ἦλθεν ἵνα ἴδῃ τοῦτο. Still less would any one dream of looking for wish in the optative in εἶπεν ὅτι ἔλθοι, he said that he had come, or in ἤρετο εἴ τις εἴη σοφώτερος. In all these dependentconstructions, the optative is only the representative of the subjunctive or indicative when these are, as it were, transferred to the past by depending on a verb of past time ; but, if wish were the fundamental idea of the optative, we should hardly expect this to vanish so utterly, since the essential character of the optative would naturally be especially marked where it is used by a fixed principle of the language as a substitute for an indicative or a subjunctive.
日本語解釈