Appendix I. (20/30)
英語原文
As a negative result, we do not find in the Homeric examples as a whole any satisfactory proof that wish is the fundamental idea, or even an essential idea, of the optative.
For the original meaning of the optative we must go, not to the developed wish, still less to the developed potential construction with ἄν or to the protasis with εἰ, but rather to certain simpler and less decided expressions, a few of which remain in Homer. In Il. iv. 17-19 we have a full condirional sentence.
εἰ δ᾿ αὖ πως τόδε πᾶσι φίλον καὶ ἡδὺ πέλοιτο,
ἦ τοι μὲν οἰκέοιτο πόλις Πριάμοιο ἄνακτος,
αὖτις δ᾿ Ἀργείην Ἑλένην Μενέλαος ἄγοιτο.
This may be translated, if moreover this should be welcome and pleasing to all, king Priam's city may continue to be a dwelling-place, and Menelaus may take Argive Helen home again. But οἰκέοιτο and ἄγοιτο (without κέ and ἄν) here do not make the usual potential apodosis, nor do they express a wish ; and yet a very slight change in the thought would make them either of these. With κέ or ἄν added, the meaning would be Priam's city would continue to be, etc. ; without ἄν, in the ordinary language it would be may Priam's city continue to be, etc. The same general result happens to be expressed in other passages in various ways. In Il. iii. 71-75 Paris proposes the duel with Menelaus, and says :—
ὁππότερος δέ κε νικήσῃ κρείσσων τε γένηται,
κτήμαθ᾿ ἑλὼν ἐὺ πάντα γυναῖκά τε οἴκαδ᾿ ἀγέσθω·
οἱ δ᾿ ἄλλοι φιλότητα καὶ ῞ρκια πιστὰ ταμόντες
ναίοιτε Τροίην ἐριβώλακα, τοὶ δὲ νεέσθων
Ἄργος ἐς ἱππόβοτον.
Here ἀγέσθω is used with the same general idea in mind as ἄροιτο in iv. 19, and ναίοιτε is like οἰκέοιτο. To example would rather lead us to understand both ἄγοιτο and οἰκέοιτο as wishes. But in iii. 255 we have τῷ δέ κε νικήσαντι γυνὴ καὶ κτήμαθ᾿ ἕποιτο, where τῷ νικήσαντι is equivalent to ὁππότερός κε νικήσῃ in 71, and ἕποιτό κε is potential, though expressing the same general idea as ἀγέσθω and ἄγοιτο above. Also, in iii. 256 we have ναίοιμεν (like ναίοιτε in 74) and νόνται (as future). Again, in iii. 138 Iris says to Helen τῷ δέ κε νικήσαντι φίλη κεκλήσῃ ἄκοιτις where κεκλήσῃ κε is potential, referring to the same result as ἕποιτό κε, ἄγοιτο and ἀγέσθω. These passages show a use of the optative without κέ which comes very near to that of the optative with κέ, and also to that of the imperative and of the future (with and without κέ). This neutral use of the optative is generally called "concessive."
日本語解釈