§472. Protasis contained in Participle, Adverb, or other word
英語原文
Often the protasis is not expressed in its regular form with εἰ or ἐάν, but is contained in a participle, or implied in an adverb like οὕτως or δικαίως, in a preposition with its case, or in some other form of expression. When a participle represents the protasis (841), its tense is always that in which the verb itself would have stood in the indicative, subjunctive, or optative. The present (as usual) includes the imperfect, and the perfect includes the pluperfect. E.g.
Τοῦτο ποιοῦντες εὖ πράξουσιν (i.e. ἐὰν ποιῶσιν), if they (shall) do this, they will prosper. Τοῦτο ποιήσαντες εὖ πράξουσιν (i.e. ἐὰν ποιήσωσιν). Τοῦτο ποιοῦντες εὖ ἂν πράττοιεν (i.e. εἰ ποιοῖεν), if they should do this, they would prosper. Τοῦτο ποιήσαντες εὖ ἂν πράττοιεν (i.e. εἰ ποιήσαιεν). Τοῦτο ποιοῦντες εὖ ἂν ἔπραττον (i.e. εἰ ἐποίησαν), if they had done this, they would be in prosperity.
Πῶς δῆτα δίκης οὔσης ὁ Ζεὺς οὐκ ἀπόλωλεν τὸν πατέρ᾿ αὑτοῦ δήσας ; i.e. how is it that Zeus has not been destroyed if Juctice exists? Ar. Nub. 904. (Here δίκης οὔσης represents εἰ δίκη ἐστίν.) Ἀλλ᾿ εἰσόμεσθα δόμους παραστείχοντες (ἐὰν παραστείχωμεν), but we shall know, if we enter the house. Soph. Ant. 1255. Καί κεν τοῦτ᾿ ἐθέλοιμι Διός γε διδόντος ἀρέσθαι (Διὸς δίδοντος = εἰ Ζεὺς διδοίη), and this I should like to obtain, if Zeus would only give it. Od. i.390. Τοιαῦτά τἂν γυναιξὶ συνναίων ἔχοις (εἰ συνναίοις), such things sould you suffer, if you should live with women. Aesch. Sept. 195. Οὐδ᾿ ἂν σιωπήσαιμι τὴν ἄτην ὁρῶν στείχουσαν ἀστοῖς (i.e. ὁρῴην). Soph. Ant. 185. Ἀθηναίων δὲ τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο παθόντων, διπλασίαν ἂν τὴν δύναμιν εἰκάζεσθαι (οἶμαι), but if the Athenians should ever suffer this (παθόντων = εἰ πάοιεν), I think it would be inferred that their power was twice as great Thuc. i.10. (Here only the context shows that παθόντων does not represent εἰ ἔπαθον, if they had ever suffered.) Πρὶν γενέσθαι ἠπίστησεν ἄν τις ἀκούσας (i.e. εἰ ἤκουσεν), before it happened, any one would have disbeliered such a thing if he had heard it. Thuc. vii.28. Οὐ γὰρ ἂν μεταπείθειν ὑμᾶς ἐζήτει μὴ τοιαύτης οὔσης τῆς ὑπαρχούσης ὑπολήψεως, for he would not be seeking to change your minds, if such were not the preveiling opinion (i.e. εἰ μὴ τοιαύτη ἦν). Dem. xviii.228. Ἔστιν οὖν ὅπως ταῦτ᾿ ἂν, ἐκεῖνα προειρηκὼς, ὁ αὐτὸς ἀνὴρ μὴ διαφθαρεὶς ἐτόλμησεν εἰπεῖν ; is it possible then that the same man, after saying that, would have dared to say this unless he had been corrupted (εἰ μὴ κατηγόρησεν)? Id. xix.308. Μὴ κατηγορήσαντος Αἰσχίνου μηδὲν ἔξω τῆς γραφῆς οὐδ᾿ ἂν ἐγὼ λόγον οὐδένα ἐποιούμην ἕτερον (εἰ μὴ κατηγόρησεν). Id. xviii.34. Τὰ αὐτὰ ἂν ἔπραξε καὶ πρώτη λαχοῦσα (i.e. εἰ πρώτη ἔλαχεν), it (the soul) would have done the the same, even if it had the first choice by the lot. Plat. Rep. 620D. Μαμμᾶν δ᾿ ἂν αἰτήσαντος ἦκόν σοι φέρων ἂν ἄρτον, and if you ever asked for something to eat, I used to come bringing you bread. Ar. Nub. 1383. (Here αἰτήσαντος represents εἰ αἰτήσειας in a general supposition, 462. For ἦκον ἄν see 162.)
Οὔτε ἐσθίουσι πλείω ἢ δύνανται φέρειν, διαρραγεῖεν γὰρ ἄν· οὔτ᾿ ἀμφιέννυνται πλείω ἢ δύνανται φέρειν, ἀποπνιγεῖεν γὰρ ἄν, they do not eat more than they can bear, for (if they should) they would burst, etc. Xen. Cyr. viii.2,21. Αὐτοὶ ἂν ἐπορεύθησαν ᾖ οἱ ἄλλοι· τὰ δ᾿ ὑποζύγια οὐκ ἦν ἄλλῃ ἂ ταύτῃ ἐκβῆναι, they would have gone themselves where the others went ; but the animals could not go otherwise than as they did. Id. an. iv.2,10. So ἦ γὰρ ἂν λωβήσαιο, Il. i.232.
Ἡμῖν δ᾿ ἐξ πολλῆς ἂν περιουσίας νεῶν μόλις τοῦτο ὑπῆρχε καὶ μὴ ἀναγκαζομένοις, ὥσπερ νῦν, πάσαις φυλάσσειν, but we should hardly have this advantage if we had a great superiority in number of ships (= εἰ πολλὴν περιουσίαν εἴχομεν) and if we were not compelled (εἰ μὴ ἠναγκαζόμεθα), as we are, to use our whole fleet in guarding. Thuc. vii.13. Τὸ μὲν ἐπ᾿ ἐκείνῳ πολλάκις ἂν διελύθησαν, if it had depended on him, they often would have been disbanded. Isoc. iv.142. Διά γε ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς πάλαι ἂν ἀπολώλειτε, if it had depended on yourselves, you would long ago have been ruined. Dem. xviii.49. (So sometimes καθ᾿ ὑμᾶς.) Πάλαι γὰρ ἂν ἕνεκά γε ψηφισμάτων ἐδεδώκει δίκην, for, if decrees were of any anail, he would long ago have suffered punishment. Id. iii.14. (Here the protasis is implied in ἕνεκα ψηφισμάτων.) Οὕτω γὰρ οὐκέτι τοῦ λοιποῦ πάσχοιμεν ἂν κακῶς, for in that case we should no longer suffer. Id. iv.15. So ὡς οὕτω περιγενόμενος ἄν, Xen. An. i.1,10. Οὐδ᾿ ἂν διακίως ἐς κακὸν πέσοιμί τι. Soph. Ant. 240.
In such cases the form of the apodosis generally shows what form of protasis is implied. When the apodosis is itself expressed by an infinitive or participle (479), as in Thuc. i.10 (above), the form of the protasis is shown only by the general sense of the passage.
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